Java Operations

Java operations are instructions that can read and write the values of variables, perform arithmetic on variables, and control the program flow.

The core Java operations are:

Variable Operations
- Variable Assignment
- Variable Reading
- Variable Arithmetics
- Object Instantiation
Program Flow
- if statements
- switch statements
- for loops
- while loops
- Method Calls

Variable Operations

Java has a set of basic variable manipulation operations. You can assign values to variables, read the value of variables, and perform arithmetics on variable values. Finally, Java also has an operation that allows you to create (instantiate) objects, and assign a reference to the object to a variable.

Variable Assignment

Variable assignment is covered in the text on Java variables, but I will show you a short example here:

int age;
age = 25;

int yearBorn = 1975;

This example shows two variable assignments. The first example starts by declaring an intvariable named age. Then, in the second line it assigns the value 25 to the age variable. The second example creates an int variable named yearBorn and assigns the value 1975 to it in the same statement.

Variable Reading

Variable reading is also covered in the text on Java variables, but here is a short example:

String name = "Jakob";

String name2 = name;

This example first creates a variable named name and assigns the string value Jakob to it. In the second line the value of the name variable is assigned to the name2 variable. The value of the namevariable is read, before it is assigned. This is one way you can read the value of a variable.

Variable Arithmetics

Variable arithmetic means performing calculations on variable values. Here are a few examples:

int price  = 12;
int amount = 23;

int totalPrice = price * amount;

int discount = 20;  //20%
int totalAfterDiscount = (totalPrice * (100-discount)) / 100;

In this example two variables called price and amount are declared. Each is a assigned a value. Then a variable called totalPrice is created, and assigned the value of price * amount (price multiplied with amount).

Third, a discount variable is declared and assigned the value 20. This variable is to be interpreted as a percentage.

Fourth, the totalAfterDiscount variable is declared, and the total price without the 20% discount is calculated, and assigned to totalAfterDiscount.

Object Instantiation

Variables can point both to primitive values (int, float etc.) or to objects. An object is an instance of some class. You instantiate an object of a certain class using the new keyword. Here is an example:

MyClass myClassInstance = new MyClass();

This example declares a variable of the MyClass data type, and then creates a new MyClassinstance and assigns a reference to this instance to myClassInstance variable.

Program Flow

Java also has set of operations targeted at controlling the program flow. Each of these operations are covered in more detail in their own texts, but I will shortly introduce them here.

if statements

Java if statements make a decisions between which of two blocks of code to execute. Here is a simple example:

int amount = 9;

if(amount > 9) {
    System.out.println("amount is greater than 9");
} else {
    System.out.println("amount is 9 or less)");
}

This example first declares a variable called amount, and assigns the value 9 to it.

What happens next is that the if statement compares the value of the amount variable to 9. If the value is above 9, then the first block of code (inside the { } ) is executed. Else, the second block of code (after the else keyword) is executed.

The if statement can thus be used to select which of two blocks to execute. Actually, the elseblock is optional, but the text on Java if explains all that in more detail.

switch statements

A switch statement works a bit like an if statement, except it can choose between more than two blocks of code to execute. Here is a simple example:

int amount = 9;

switch(amount) {
    case     0 : System.out.println("amount is  0"); break;
    case     5 : System.out.println("amount is  5"); break;
    case    10 : System.out.println("amount is 10"); break;
    default    : System.out.println("amount is something else");
}

This example first creates a variable named amount and assigns the value 9 to it.

Second, the example "switches" on the value of the amount variable. Inside the switch statement are 3 case statements and a default statement.

Each case statement compares the value of the amount variable with a constant value. If theamount variable value is equal to that constant value, the code after the colon (:) is executed. Notice the break keyword after each statement. If no break keyword was place here, the execution could continue down the rest of the case statements. The break keyword makes execution jump out of the switch statement.

The default statement is executed if no case statement matched the value of the amountvariable. The default statement could also be executed if the case statements before it did not have a break command in the end.

for loops

A for loop repeats a block of code as long as some condition is true. Here is a simple example:

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {

   System.out.println("I is: " + i);

}

This example is a standard for loop. Inside the parantheses () after the for keyword, are three statements separated by semicolon (;).

The first statement declares an int variable named i and assigns it the value 0. This statement is only executed once, when the for loop starts.

The second statement compares the value of the i variable to the value 10. If the value of i is less than 10, then the for loop is executed one more time. This statement is executed for each iteration in the for loop.

The third statement increments the value of i. This statement is also executed once per iteration of the for loop.

The result of this for loop is thus, that the body of the loop is executed 10 times. Once for each of the values of i that are less than 10 (0 to 9).

Java for loops are useful when you need to repeat a certain set of operations multiple times. For instance, carry out some set of operations on each element in an array.

while loops

Java while loops are similar to for loops. They execute a block of code while a certain condition is true. Here is a simple example:

int amount = 0;

while(amount < 10) {
    System.out.println("amount is " + amount);

    amount++;
}

This example first declares a variable named amount and assigns the value 0 to it.

Second, the while loop is executed. The while loop executes as long as the comparison inside the parantheses evaluates to true. That is, as long as the amount variable is less than 10.

Inside the while loop the amount variable is printed out in the first line. In the second line theamount variable is incremented. The ++ after the variable names means add 1 to the variable. When the amount variable reaches the value of 10, the condition inside the while loop parantheses no longer evaluates to true, and the while loop stops.

Method Calls

Methods are groups of statements that can be executed as a single statement. Executing a method is also called invoking a method, or calling a method. Here is a simple example of a class that has two methods, where one method calls the other:

public class MyClass() {

    public void printBoth(String text1, String text2) {
        print(text1);
        print(text2);
    }

    public void print(String text) {
        System.out.print(text);
    }
}

This class contains two methods: printBoth() and print().

Notice how printBoth() calls the print() method two times, each time with a different of the parameters passed to the printBoth() method.

The print() method is thus a reusable block of code that can be called from anywhere. When theprint() method is finished executing, the program jumps back to after the line that called theprint() method. Methods can thus be used to jump to different parts of the program, and return from there again.

Methods are covered in more detail in the text on Java methods.